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持続可能なバイオマスから 競争力があるバイオマスの エネルギー活用 - State Of Green
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刊行物

25. 10月 2018

持続可能なバイオマスから 競争力があるバイオマスの エネルギー活用

今日、バイオマスはデンマークでもっとも多く使 われている再生可能エネルギー源で、再生可能 エネルギーの75%を占めています。バイオマスは 主に熱と電気として使用されていて、大半は熱 供給に使用されています。デンマークの地域熱 供給源の約半分がバイオマスと有機廃棄物とな っています。
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1993年のバイオマス合意

1993年6月14日、デンマーク議会はエネルギー 転換部門でバイオマスの使用を促進することを 決定。重要事項の1つとして、熱電併給(CHP)プ ラント*に年間100万トン以上のワラを含む140 万トンのバイオマスの購入を義務づけ、結果と してCHPプラント*は石炭ベースからバイオマス ベースへ大きく転換しました。またこの合意によ り、天然ガス網が整備されている地域を含む多 くの地域でバイオマスを使ったのCHPに優先順 位が与えら ました。

バイオマス: 主要な再生可能エネルギー源

今日、バイオマスはデンマークでもっとも多く使 われている再生可能エネルギー源で、再生可能
エネルギーの75%を占めています。バイオマスは 主に熱と電気として使用されていて、大半は熱
供給に使用されています。デンマークの地域熱 供給源の約半分がバイオマスと有機廃棄物とな
っています。2013年のバイオマスによる発電は 全体の11.5%でした。現在、250を超えるバイオ
マス·プラントがデンマーク各地に持続可能なエ ネルギーを供給しています。1980~90年代は
ワラ、薪、有機廃棄物が主なエネルギー源でし たが、最近は価格競争力の高い木質チップ、木
質ペレット、ワラの使用が急増しています。現在 ではエネルギー用バイオマスの60%以上を木
質バイオマスが占めています。2012年にはバイ オマスの35%を輸入し、その約3分の2を木質ペ
レットが占めました。ペレットの多くがバルト諸 国、ポーランド、ドイツ、ロシア、スウェーデンから
輸入されています

2020年に向けたバイオマスのエネルギー活用

2009年にEUの再生可能エネルギー指令(RE Directive)が承認され、デンマークは2020年ま
でにエネルギー消費量の30%を再生可能エネ ルギーとすることを約束しました。しかし、予測
によると、2020年の再生可能エネルギー比率 は約35%に達し、その半分以上がバイオマス由
来になるとみられています。デンマークは過去10 年間でバイオエネルギー消費量を2倍以上に伸
ばし、今後も2012年の136.5 PJ (ペタジュール)から2020年には173 PJ に拡大させる見通しで
す。デンマークが推進した再生可能エネルギー への転換は、政府間協力を通じて他国でも共有
されるようになりました。デンマークの経験は、 中国、メキシコ、ベトナム、南アフリカ、インドネシ
アといった新興国で、化石燃料を持続可能エネ ルギーで代替するグリーンなエネルギー構造転
換に貢献しています。

*デンマークでは法規制により火力発電のみのは できなくなっていて、全て熱電併給(CHP)プラン
トとなっています。

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